One of the most common questions I get from patients is about stem cell therapy for knees. Can it help knee arthritis and pain? Today’s post is a fact-check of where things stand today in 2024 on stem cells for knee issues.
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What’s in this article
Stem cell therapy for knees | Look at the Data | Some biased studies? | Clinical trials: no clear benefit | Cost: $5,000-$10,000 | Risks & Efficacy | 2022 and Looking Ahead | References
Quick Article Summary and Claim Review. Stem cells are a still unproven approach to knee problems like pain and arthritis, but many clinics market it, claiming it works and is safe. The cost of around $5,000-$10,000 at unproven stem cell clinics is not covered by insurance or Medicare. Overall, this experimental therapy may not be worth the cost and risks at this time. More data are needed. You should consult your doctor.
Review of stem cell therapy for knees
With all those patients asking about this, perhaps then it’s not surprising that for-profit clinics have zeroed in. One of the most common claims made by unproven, for-profit stem cell clinics is related to knees.
They sell the idea that their stem cells can help knee arthritis and associated pain, but what is the evidence to back this up? What about other products like platelet rich plasma (PRP) for knees?
There are many problems with the claims of stem cells and other regenerative products.
In many cases what is being sold as “stem cells” isn’t even real stem cells. It often is an amniotic extract.
Such products are probably not made from actual stem cells anyway and are “dead.”
But what about cases where real, live stem cells are being injected every day for knee arthritis? For other kinds of joint problems? What about PRP?
Mostly the answer seems to be “no”, with a few “maybes”.
Stem cell therapy for knees: the data
One of the challenges in this area is that there is so much noise out there. The data are a real jumble.
With just one search on PubMed I found more than 400 articles. Such articles often report conflicting big-picture findings as well.
And there are likely many more articles depending on how one does the literature search.
The first three results popping up with that search are all themselves meta analyses or reviews. I could also easily find many recent clinical trial reports. Many on the surface suggest there might a small benefit to various kinds of stem cell injections, but the studies are often too small or have other issues to be sure. One phrase in this particular study kind of sums up many others: “Larger sample size and long-term follow-up are required.”
I interpret that to mean that this is not ready for prime time. It’s not a convincing replacement for knee joint replacement. While joint replacement has its own issues, the data indicate it gives most patients back the functionality they want.
A Cochrane review of stem cells for knees appears to be ongoing without results so far. It could have a big impact.
Some biased studies on ‘stem cell knee replacement’?
Another meta kind of study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine identified potential challenges to many of the regenerative studies on knees. The issue is the risk of bias in many of the stem cell for knees studies. The authors conclude:
“Six trials with high risk of bias showed level-3 or level-4 evidence in favour of stem cell injections in KOA. In the absence of high-level evidence, we do not recommend stem cell therapy for KOA.”
I know that stem cell clinic doctors can find plenty of studies supposedly supporting what they are offering for knees, but the question is which studies are the strongest? Also, is there some coherent signal of benefit and safety rising above the noise overall? I didn’t see it.
Clinical trials: no clear benefit for stem cell knee injections
Many universities and medical centers including the Mayo Clinic are studying stem cells for various orthopedic injuries including knee problems. These clinical trials so far have not produced clear data supporting regenerative approaches as a new standard of care.
Some reasons include that some trials to date haven’t been designed or powered to measure efficacy, other trials produced inconclusive results, and many trials are still ongoing. As to the first reason, an example is The completed Phase 1 Mayo Clinic trial. This study of bone marrow stem cells for knees was very preliminary.
The published Mayo study itself was direct about the inconclusive results:
“Study patients experienced a similar relief of pain in both BMAC- and saline-treated arthritic knees.”
In other words, the stem cells did nothing more than just an injection of salt water. This doesn’t really support the idea of stem cell therapy for knees.
A search I did on Clinicaltrials.gov found 163 listings of studies of stem cells for knees. I did the search on January 5, 2024.
Other trials are examining PRP for knee issues. PRP could actually be more promising here than MSC-type cells as they are currently being used.
Stem cell knee therapy cost: $5,000-$10,000
The CIRM Blog recently covered the issue of stem cells for knee arthritis at clinics. In large part the post seemed inspired by a new at that time comprehensive study that sheds major doubt on this approach.
Some of the main take-homes from the study on clinics were nicely summarized by Kevin McCormack of CIRM, including on cost:
“In a study presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, researchers contacted 317 clinics in the US that directly market stem cell therapies to consumers. They asked the clinics for information on the cost of the procedure and their success rate.
- Only 65 clinics responded
- Lowest price was $1,150
- Highest price was $12,000,
- Average price of $5,156.
Only 36 clinics responded with information about success rates.
- 10 claimed between 90 and 100 percent success
- 15 claimed 80 to 90 percent success
- 10 claimed 70 to 80 percent
- One said just 55 percent.
None offered any evidence based on a clinical trial that supported those claims, and there was no connection between how much they charged and how successful they claimed to be.”
Patients are paying around $5K-$10K for a kind of stem cell treatment where clinics are largely claiming 70-100% success yet have little or no strong clinical trial evidence to back it up. The average cost data here fit well with the data we have more generally on The Niche of what patients report on stem cell therapy cost more generally. Note that this approach is not covered by insurance or Medicare.
McCormack has quotes both from the lead authors, Nicolas Piuzzi and George Muschler, of the study entitled, “The Stem-Cell Market for Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Patient Perspective“, which is published in the Journal of Knee Surgery with some big picture perspectives and thoughts on the meaning of their work. Check it out.
Risks and efficacy
There’s a disconnect between the state of the clinical science in this area and the for-profit marketing.
Risks. A possible risk comes from poor injection methods. I have had patients report that injections to the knee went badly after the needle ended up outside the knee joint. Some clinics using imaging to guide the process so that’s a plus. Many are not. Probably the other main risk is infection. It is unclear if the stem cell materials themselves pose specific risks like incorrect tissue growth.
Efficacy. Overall, properly controlled studies are inconsistent and do not paint a convincing picture of benefit. For instance, the authors of this stem cells for knees study suggest potential benefit of bone marrow stem cells for knee arthritis, but although it did have a control group, it was unblinded and underpowered. Here’s a more recent, blinded study arguing for some moderate benefit, but it was underpowered as well and no benefit was seen after 12 months. Clinics will point to yet other studies that purportedly report benefits, but the big picture is just not very clear.
Looking ahead on stem cells for knees
I hope in the future we get that data as a field so we can have better clarity here. You can see some past posts including on knee arthritis. It’s apparent that for up to 8 years or more this issue has been percolating.
Other alternatives including knee replacements, especially for older patients, can offer great outcomes. The Mayo Clinic and others are using approaches beyond stem cells. They are also testing approaches using cartilage cells called chondrocytes instead of stem cells, which also show promise.
My view is that stem cell injections for knee arthritis from clinics directly marketing to consumers is most often going to be a big waste of money for patients and again there are risks. This is not to say that there’s no hope of stem cells for arthritis or specifically for knee arthritis, but caution is in order right now on this front.
I’m optimistic about the future of stem cell therapy for knees, but most of what’s going on now commercially is mostly not worth it.
References
- PubMed search on terms knee and stem cells, conducted November 7, 2024.
- Intra-Articular Injection of Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Phase IIb, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial, Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 2019.
- Stem cell injections in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review of the literature, Brit J Sports Medicine, 2017.
- Cochrane 2019 review: Stem cell injections for osteoarthritis of the knee.
- Clinicaltrials.gov search on June 24, 2022. for trials involving stem cells for knee arthritis.
- A Prospective, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate for Knee Osteoarthritis, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2016. Mayo Clinic study.
Disclaimer: this post is not medical advice. Consult with your doctor before making medical decisions.
I have been working with the Equine veterinarians for a couple of years to exchange thoughts on these topics. It is true that these various products have been used in horses for 15 years or more. There have been many anectodal success stories and actually this is what initiated it’s use in humans (amoung other basic science and animal research) There is even an incredible center in Colorado: The Wayne McIlraith Translational Center which has great treatment and research and educational facilities.
Unfortunately, as I have recently found the Equine veterinarians are now even further behind human studies in the collection of outcomes data and many of the treatments are driven by what the MANUFACTUERS of various cell and “Regenerative” treatments are proposing to the clinicians without TRUE outcomes data. There a group that appears interested in collecting this data in the future. That information will be helpful to us as well as the information that MDs collect on our patients to the veterinarians !
This may not be of interest or appropriate to discuss in the line of what was written and read by me. For several years, I have put off having surgery due to one reason or another. Last year I had the knee surgery schduled with a doctor in Shreveport at the Spine Institute, but cancelled it due to Covid and the unrest of our country. For several years I read all that I could about stem cell injection for my knees instead of surgery. I even called a Dallas Doctor’s office and tried to find out what I could. Insurance did not cover stem cell injection. One knee would cost me $6000 whether it helped or not. The expense was too great and results too iffy, so I decided against stem cell. A year or so later a friend and I were visiting her cousin who was in the race horse business, dealing with every faction of the horses health and ability to run. I was on a crutch and he asked me why. I shared my knee problems and told him that I was waiting for stem cell treatment on them. He then shared that the vets had been injecting his horses with stem cells for 15 years, I think it was. He told how a horse would be lame and look impossible that it could run any time soon. Then he would call the vet to come. He said, with horses, it was like a miracle when the vet put that injection into the horse and almost immediately the horse could run as good as new. Hearing that story was very encouraging. I was ready to call the vet, for me. I would like someone to tell me, if it works in horses why won’t it work for people? Thanks for listening.
Judith M. Smith
holidayfun1943@gmail.com
@Judith,
I know veterinarians who are doing research on stem cells for horses and they are very encouraged by their results. I don’t know how well that translates to people though. It’s a good question.
As I had an abscess on the nerve centre below my spine I require stem cells to give me back my bodily functions. I can walk with my tall walker. When will this be available in Australia?
Yes. It can be accessed at DataBiologics.com. We are also collecting patient outcomes on needle tenotomy, shock wave therapy and other procedures for chronic tendon pain and other orthopedic conditions. We will likely have over 100 clinicians in this database including practices outside of the US by the end of this year. There will be a great deal of “real word data” for us to share !
Fortunately there is at least one large (440 patients), well designed RCT underway to address many of the concerns you raise in relation to OA: https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=379726&isReview=true This trial uses a highly consistent and potent allogeneic MSC product.
Thanks, Ross.
You and your readers may be interested in the data we are collecting in our national database registry called Databiologics. We released our first report on 3,500 patients in February of this year. We now have 63 physicians collecting data in this database
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Is this database accessible to the public?